"Letter to my future self" as a device for assessing health education effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a "letter to my future self" analyzed using structural topic modeling (STM) represents a useful technique in revealing how participants integrate educational content into planned future behaviors. METHODS: 453 club-sports athletes in a concussion-education randomized control study wrote two-paragraph letters describing what they hoped to remember after viewing one of three randomly assigned educational interventions. RESULTS: A six-topic solution revealed three topics related to the content of the education and three topics related to the participant behavioral takeaways. The content-related topics reflected the educational content viewed. The behavioral takeaway topics indicated that the Consequence-based education was more likely to generate the Concussion Seriousness[CS:23%] topic while Traditional(24%) and Consequence-based(20%) interventions were more likely to generate the Responsibility for Brain Health[BH] topic. Traditional(21%) and Revised-symptom(17%) interventions were more likely to generate the Awareness and Action topics. CONCLUSION: Unstructured user-generated data in the form of a "letter to my future self" analyzed using structural topic modeling provides a novel evaluation of the present and likely future impact of educational interventions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Patient educators can enhance the effectiveness of education through the application of these methods to the evaluation of and innovation in programs.

Effective practice and instruction: A skill acquisition framework for excellence.

We revisit an agenda that was outlined in a previous paper in this journal focusing on the importance of skill acquisition research in enhancing practice and instruction in sport. In this current narrative review, we reflect on progress made since our original attempt to highlight several potential myths that appeared to exist in coaching, implying the existence of a theory-practice divide. Most notably, we present five action points that would impact positively on coaches and practitioners working to improve skill learning across sports, as well as suggesting directions for research. We discuss the importance of practice quality in enhancing learning and relate this concept to notions of optimising challenge. We discuss how best to assess learning, the right balance between repetition and practice that is specific to competition, the relationship between practice conditions, instructions, and individual differences, and why a more "hands-off" approach to instruction may have advantages over more "hands-on" methods. These action points are considered as a broad framework for advancing skill acquisition for excellence (SAFE) in applied practice. We conclude by arguing the need for increased collaboration between researchers, coaches, and other sport practitioners.

The Role of Self-monitoring and Self-efficacy on the Athletes' Motivation and Performance: Evidence from Athlete Training Institutions in Indonesia / El papel del autocontrol y la autoeficacia en la motivación y el rendimiento de los atletas: evidencia de instituciones de formación de atletas en Indonesia

Self-efficacy and self-monitoring are crucial for achieving an athlete's motivation and performance, which is the most important factor for the team's success. This feature deserves the attention of researchers, and the current work explores the effect of self-efficacy and self-monitoring on the performance of athletes in Indonesian training institutes. The study also investigates the mediating effect of self-monitoring between self-efficacy, self-monitoring, and athlete performance in Indonesian athletic training institutes. The study also utilized the primary data collected via survey questionnaires from the athletes. The study also employed smart PLS to examine the relationship between the understudy constructs. Self-efficacy and self-monitoring were found to have a good relationship with athletes' performance in Indonesian training institutes. The results also demonstrated that athlete motivation strongly influences the relationship between self-efficacy, self-monitoring, and athlete performance in Indonesian athletic training institutes. This research focuses on using self-efficacy and self-monitoring to enhance an athlete's performance, which guides policymakers.(AU)

Improving inclusion and well-being of trans and gender nonconforming collegiate student-athletes: foundational concepts from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Summit on Gender Identity and Student-Athlete Participation.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Summit on Gender Identity and Student-Athlete Participation was convened to identify institutional/athletic department strategies that may support the well-being of trans and gender nonconforming (TGNC) collegiate student-athletes in the USA. The Summit's purview did not include policy-level changes to eligibility rules. A modified Delphi consensus process was used to identify strategies for supporting collegiate TGNC student-athlete well-being. Key steps included an exploration phase (learning, generating ideas), and an evaluation phase (rating ideas in terms of their utility and feasibility). Summit participants (n=60) included individuals meeting at least one of the following criteria: current or former TGNC athlete, academic or healthcare professional with topical expertise, collegiate athletics stakeholder who would be involved in implementing potential strategies, representative from leading sports medicine organisation, or representative from relevant NCAA membership committee. Summit participants identified strategies in the following domains: healthcare practices (patient-centred care and culturally sensitive care); education for all stakeholders involved in athletics; and administration (inclusive language, quality improvement processes). Summit participants also proposed ways that the NCAA, through its existing committee and governance structures, could help support the well-being of TGNC athletes. NCAA-focused concepts were in the following domains: policy making processes; eligibility and transfer processes; resource development and dissemination; and visibility and support for TGNC athletes. The strategies developed represent important and relevant approaches that member institutions, athletic departments, NCAA committees, governance bodies and other stakeholders might consider in their efforts to support TGNC student-athlete well-being.

Covid-19 e o treinador de desporto: entre a adversidade e a capacitação psicológica / Covid-19 and the Sports Coach: between adversity and psychological empowerment

Introdução: A situação pandémica da COVID-19 colocou à prova a saúde mental, em particular, de atletas jovens e de seus treinadores, envolvendo todos numa incerteza permanente e global, e forçando-os a enfrentar adversidades, gerir emoções e relações e a testar orientações sanitárias e novas soluções. Objetivos: Identificar as principais alterações na perceção do papel social e no funcionamento psicológico do treinador de desporto, produzidas pelo prolongado período pandémico. Métodos: Entrevistas semiestruturadas a quatro treinadores especialistas na formação de atletas jovens de diferentes modalidades desportivas, com idades compreendidas entre os 34 e os 63 anos (M=48,0). Resultados: Foram identificadas as ações prioritárias, os recursos pessoais e sociais mobilizados, aprendizagens efetuadas e dificuldades sentidas enquanto procuraram lidar com os variados constrangimentos surgidos. Conclusão: Da adversidade vivenciada, decisiva da capacitação efetuada, decorrem implicações sobre a necessidade de atualização dos programas de formação de treinadores bem como para a intervenção psicológica com essa população. (AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic tested the mental health of young athletes and their coaches, involving everyone in permanent and global uncertainty, forcing them to face adversity, manage emotions and relationships and check health guidelines and new solutions. Objectives: To identify the perceived main changes in sports coaches’ social role and psychological functioning produced by the prolonged pandemic. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with four coaches specialized in training young athletes from different sports, aged between 34 and 63 years (M=48.0). Results: Priority actions, personal and social resources mobilized, lessons learned, and difficulties experienced while dealing with the various emerging constraints were identified. Conclusion: Considering the adversity experienced, which is recognized as decisive for psychological empowerment, there are some implications: the need to update educational programmes for coaches and psychological intervention with this population. (AU)

Voleibol escolar: caracterização das escolas/municípios participantes dos jogos escolares de Santa Catarina / School volleyball: characterization of the schools/municipalities participating in the Santa Catarina school games

RESUMO O ambiente escolar tem contribuído no processo de desenvolvimento esportivo, especialmente pela oferta diversificada de atividades nas aulas de Educação Física e em projetos extracurriculares voltados às modalidades esportivas. O trabalho realizado com as equipes escolares de voleibol no estado de Santa Catarina tem sido altamente reconhecido ao longo dos anos, porém há poucas evidências sobre as escolas que têm contribuído na formação de jogadores de voleibol no cenário catarinense. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar as escolas participantes dos Jogos Escolares de Santa Catarina (JESC) de voleibol. Realizou-se a análise documental dos boletins dos JESC disponibilizados pela Fundação Catarinense de Esporte (FESPORTE). As evidências revelaram que os estabelecimentos de ensino com maiores participações e conquistas, em ambas as categorias investigadas, são escolas de educação básica da rede estadual, seguidas pelas instituições de ensino da rede privada e, em menor número, por escolas municipais. Enquanto na categoria feminina as escolas estão localizadas em sua grande maioria nas regiões Leste-Norte e Sul, na categoria masculina concentram-se na região Centro-oeste, especialmente em cidades de pequeno e médio porte, com elevado Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH).

ABSTRACT The school environment has contributed to the sports development process, especially due to the diversified offer of activities in Physical Education classes and extracurricular projects focused on sports. The work done with school volleyball teams in the state of Santa Catarina has been highly recognized over the years, but there is little evidence about schools that have contributed to the training of volleyball players in the Santa Catarina scenario. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the schools participating in the Jogos Escolares de Santa Catarina (JESC, Santa Catarina School Games) of volleyball. The documentary analysis of the JESC bulletins provided by the Fundação Catarinense de Esporte (FESPORTE, Santa Catarina Sports Foundation) was carried out. The evidence revealed that the educational establishments with the highest participation and achievements in both categories investigated were basic education schools of the state school system, followed by private educational institutions and, to a lesser extent, municipal schools. While in the women's group, the schools were mostly located in the East-North and South regions, in the men's group, they were concentrated in the Midwest region, especially in small and medium-sized cities with high Human Development Indices (HDIs).

Influence of the size of the cities of birth and residence in the sports career: an analysis through the bolsa-atleta program / Influência do tamanho das cidades de nascimento e residência na carreira desportiva: uma análise por meio do programa bolsa-atleta

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify whether the size of municipalities in which Brazilian high-performance athletes are born or live influences the federal government subsidy, in addition to pointing out whether factors such as human development index, demographic density and municipal investment in sports also exert influence. The sample consisted of 2,033 Brazilian municipalities that had athletes, born or resident, receiving the Brazilian incentive Bolsa-Atleta program. The size of municipalities influences the amount and level of grant obtained, demonstrating that the smaller the population size, the lower the chance of obtaining a higher grant level. In addition, factors such as human development index, demographic density and investment in sport influence the acquisition of grants by athletes, mainly by resident athletes, which shows an internal sports migration in the country as a result.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar se o tamanho dos municípios em que os atletas brasileiros de rendimento nascem ou residem gera influência na obtenção de subsídio pelo governo federal, além de apontar se fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento municipal no esporte também exercem influência. A amostra consistiu em 2033 municípios brasileiros que apresentaram atletas nascidos ou residentes contemplados pelo programa de incentivo brasileiro Bolsa-Atleta. Por meio da análise, pode-se verificar que o tamanho dos municípios influência na quantidade e no nível de bolsa obtido, demonstrando que quanto menor o tamanho da população, menor a chance de se obter um nível mais alto de bolsa. Além disto, pode-se notar que fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento no esporte exercem influência na aquisição de bolsas pelos atletas, principalmente, por parte de atletas residentes, o que evidencia uma migração esportiva interna no país.

Desenvolvimento, validação e avaliação da eficácia de um folheto educativo sobre protetores bucais para crianças e adolescentes ­ uma estratégia de prevenção aos traumatismos dentários durante a prática de esportes / Development, validationand assessment of effectiveness of an educational folder about mouthguards in a child and adolescent population -a strategy for preventing dental trauma in sports

Oobjetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver, verificar a validação do conteúdo e avaliar a eficácia de umfolhetoeducativo sobre protetores bucais (PBs)paracrianças e adolescentes (C/A)com idadeentre oito equinze anos. As etapas de desenvolvimento e validação do conteúdo foram realizadas após pesquisa bibliográfica na literatura baseada em evidências sobre o assunto, e avaliação de estudantesde pós-graduação e/ou professores de odontologia, especialistas em educação, bem como porC/A (público-alvo). Foramcalculadoso índice de validade do conteúdo (IVC) para cada item (I-IVC) e o índice de validade total do conteúdo do folheto(F-IVC). Um questionário foi elaborado com questões relacionadas ao conteúdo do folhetoe a eficácia da aquisição de conhecimentos foi avaliada por meiode testes para dados pareados, considerando as respostasdasC/A antes e depois da leitura dofolheto. Modelos lineares generalizados e mistosforam utilizadospara avaliar associações não ajustadas e ajustadas, respectivamente(p<0,05). O poder da amostratambém foi calculado. Os itens foram considerados relevantes, representativos e com boa operacionalidade, e válidos comI-IVCe F-IVCde 1.0. Quarenta e quatro C/A com 10,9±2,2 anos foram incluídos e, apósaleitura do folheto, a média de respostas corretas teve um aumento significativo (p<0,001). No modelo ajustado, a "leitura do folheto" influenciou positivamente no conhecimento sobre PB (p<0,001). Um poder de amostragem de 100%foi obtido. Ofolhetoapresentou um conteúdo de validade satisfatória e deve ser consideradoum instrumento capaz de aumentar o conhecimento de C/A sobre PB (AU).

The aim of this study was to develop, verify the content validity and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational folder about MG for children and adolescents (C/A)between the ages of eight and fifteen. The steps of development and content validity were carried out after a bibliographic search for an evidence-based literature on the subject, and the evaluation ofMSc or PhD dentistry students and/or professors, education experts, as well as C/A (target group).The content validity index (CVI) for each item (I-CVI) and the total folder content validity index (F-CVI) after the PhD professors (judges) analysis was calculated. A questionnaire with assertions related to the content of the folder (indication, types and storage of MG, myths and truths about the device) was created, and the effectiveness of knowledge acquisition was evaluated by applying tests for paired data, considering C/Aresponses before and after reading the folder. Generalized and mixed linear model were used to evaluate unadjusted and adjusted associations, respectively. The sample power was also calculated. The I-CVI and F-CVI were 1.0, showing that the items were considered relevant, representative, showed good operability and were valid. Forty-four C/Aof 10.9±2.24 yearswere included and, after reading the folder, the mean of correct answers had a significant increase (p<0.001). In the adjusted model, "reading the folder" influenced positively on the knowledge about MG (p<0.001).Sample power of 100% was obtained. The folder presented satisfactory content validity and should be considered as an instrument capable of increasing the knowledge of C/Aabout MG (AU).

Atuação profissional nos esportes de aventura: estudo de caso com uma treinadora de surfe / Professional work performance in adventure sports: case study with a surf coach

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o contexto de atuação profissional de uma treinadora de surfe da cidade de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Adotaram-se procedimentos de pesquisa qualitativa e estudo de caso, por meio da combinação de técnicas de observação participante e entrevista semiestruturada. Foi utilizada a técnica de Análise Temática para a análise dos dados. Verificou-se que o contexto de atuação profissional da treinadora investigada compreende um sistema amplo e complexo, marcado pela sua participação em diversas atividades e interações sociais, com o envolvimento pleno em seu local de atuação profissional. A intervenção pedagógica da treinadora para o ensino/treino do surfe é condicionado pela sazonalidade, pelas condições do ambiente de prática desta modalidade, assim como pelo tipo de orientação esportiva, com o propósito pessoal de transmitir o seu estilo de vida ligado ao surfe.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to analyze the context of professional work performance of a surf coach from Florianópolis city, Santa Catarina. Qualitative research and case study procedures were adopted conbining participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Thematic Analysis was used for data analysis. It was verified that the coach's context of professional work performance comprises a broad and complex system, marked by her participation in various activities and social interactions, with full participation in her place of professional work. The coach's pedagogical intervention for teaching/coaching surfing is conditioned by seasonality, the environmental conditions to practice this sport, and the focus of sports instruction. Essentialy, the coach's personal goal is to share her surfing lifestyle.

Effect of varied plyometric training in land and aquatic medium on anaerobic power of athletes / Efeito do treinamento pliométrico variado em meio terrestre e aquático na potência anaeróbia de atletas

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of varied plyometric training (land plyometric training, aqua plyometric training and weighted vest aqua-plyometric training) on anaerobic power of school athletes. A total of forty eight (n= 48) district level school athletes were randomly selected. All the subjects were divided into four equal groups: i) land plyometric training group (n=12), ii) aqua plyometric training group (n=12), iii) aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest group (n=12) and iv) control group (n=12). The varied plyometric training was intervened for fourteen weeks in the respective training groups. In the present study, anaerobic power was considered as the dependent variable, and it was measured by Margaria-Kalamen power test. To draw statistical inferences on anaerobic power among the groups in pre and post intervention conditions, ANCOVA was used, followed by Tukey's LSD post-hoc test. The significance of the means was tested at the 0.05 level. Different plyometric training groups improved significantly with respect to the control group in anaerobic power. Therefore, various plyometric training was found as an effective means for developing anaerobic power. A significant difference was also observed between the aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest group and land plyometric training group in anaerobic power. However, rest of the experimental groups didn't differ significantly. Aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest is a more effective training method than land plyometric training for improving the anaerobic power of the school athletes.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir o efeito do treinamento pliométrico variado (treinamento pliométrico terrestre, treinamento aquapliométrico e treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado) na potência anaeróbica de atletas escolares. Um total de quarenta e oito (n= 48) atletas escolares de nível distrital foram selecionados aleatoriamente. Todos os sujeitos foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais: i) grupo treinamento pliométrico terrestre (n=12), ii) grupo treinamento aquapliométrico (n=12), iii) grupo treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado (n=12) e iv) grupo controle (n=12). O treino pliométrico variado foi intervencionado durante quatorze semanas nos respectivos grupos de treino. No presente estudo, a potência anaeróbia foi considerada como variável dependente e foi mensurada pelo teste de potência de Margaria-Kalamen. Para fazer inferências estatísticas sobre a potência anaeróbica entre os grupos nas condições pré e pós-intervenção, foi utilizada a ANCOVA, seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey LSD. A significância das médias foi testada no nível 0,05. Diferentes grupos de treinamento pliométrico melhoraram significativamente em relação ao grupo controle na potência anaeróbica. Portanto, vários treinamentos pliométricos foram encontrados como um meio eficaz para o desenvolvimento da potência anaeróbica. Uma diferença significativa também foi observada entre o grupo de treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado e o grupo de treinamento pliométrico terrestre na potência anaeróbica. No entanto, o resto dos grupos experimentais não diferiram significativamente. O treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado é um método de treinamento mais eficaz do que o treinamento pliométrico terrestre para melhorar a potência anaeróbica dos atletas escolares.

Enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica y factores de riesgo en adolescentes de instituciones deportivas / Chronic immune-inflammatory periodontal disease and risk factors in adolescents from sports institutions

RESUMEN Fundamento: La enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica se considera un problema de salud bucal a escala mundial; los deportistas también son susceptibles de padecerla. Objetivo: Identificar el estado periodontal de adolescentes de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva Provincial Lino Salabarría de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal durante el curso 2020-2021. La población se constituyó por 810 adolescentes de 7.mo a 12.mo grados de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva Provincial Lino Salabarría de Sancti Spíritus; se seleccionó la muestra de 36 mediante muestreo probabilístico, aleatorio simple estratificado. Se estudiaron las variables estado periodontal y factores de riesgo. Se determinó el estado periodontal mediante el índice de Rusell y la higiene bucal por el de higiene bucal simplificado. Resultados: Se constató que el 94.4 % de los adolescentes presentó gingivitis y solo el 5.6 % periodontitis. El 100 % presentó higiene bucal deficiente, el 94.2 % apiñamiento dentario y el 91.7 % cálculo dental. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los adolescentes presentó gingivitis y entre los factores de riesgo se constató la totalidad con higiene bucal deficiente y casi todos con apiñamiento dentario y cálculo dental.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic immune-inflammatory periodontal disease is considered a worldwide oral health problem; athletes are also susceptible to it. Objective: To identify the periodontal state of adolescents from the Sancti Spíritus Provincial Sports Initiation School Lino Salabarría. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted during the 2020-2021 school year. The population consisted of 810 adolescents from 7th to 12th grades from the Sancti Spíritus Provincial Sports Initiation School Lino Salabarría; the sample of 36 was selected by stratified simple random probability sampling. The variables periodontal state and risk factors were studied. Periodontal status was determined by Rusell index and oral hygiene by the simplified oral hygiene index. Results: It was found that 94.4 % of adolescents had gingivitis and only 5.6 % had periodontitis. 100 % presented poor oral hygiene, 94.2 % dental crowding and 91.7 % dental calculus. Conclusions: Most adolescents presented gingivitis and among the risk factors, all had poor oral hygiene also almost all had dental crowding and dental calculus.

Ergometría en el entrenamiento de alto rendimiento cubano / Ergometry in cuban high performance training

Introducción: El Centro de Investigaciones del Deporte Cubano, en estrecha relación con el Instituto de Medicina Deportiva, ha realizado en el Área de control cardiorrespiratorio numerosas pruebas funcionales a los deportistas de alto rendimiento. Como parte del control médico a los deportistas, se han ejecutado pruebas ergométricas cardiopulmonares en el laboratorio, con la novedad de ajustarse los protocolos a las necesidades especiales del atleta en función de su modalidad deportiva. Objetivos: Fundamentar la importancia de la ergometría cardiovascular para el entrenamiento deportivo y rediseñar protocolos de ergometría deportiva acordes a las especificidades de la modalidad atlética. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, en el periodo entre noviembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Muestra selectiva intencional, todos los deportistas de los equipos nacionales en cada modalidad: judo, boxeo y luchas (libre y grecorromana). Resultados: Se rediseñaron los protocolos de ergometría sobre la base de los convencionales estandarizados en medicina deportiva, para judo, boxeo y lucha. Se obtuvieron parámetros óptimos (frecuencia cardíaca, volumen máximo de oxígeno y equivalente metabólico) para cada modalidad deportiva. Conclusiones: Las pruebas ergoespirométricas constituyen una herramienta científica útil en la medicina deportiva. Rediseñar protocolos ergométricos permite una mejor valoración funcional del atleta y proporciona un adecuado soporte científico al entrenamiento individual. La ergometría cardiopulmonar es un instrumento disponible para evaluar, recuperar y mejorar las capacidades funcionales y deportivas de los atletas de alto rendimiento, especialmente en la etapa pos-COVID-19(AU)

Introduction: The Cuban Sports Research Center, in close relationship with the Institute of Sports Medicine, has carried out numerous functional tests on high-performance athletes for cardiorespiratory monitoring. As part of the medical control of athletes, cardiopulmonary ergometric tests have been carried out in the laboratory, with the novelty of adjusting the protocols to the special needs of the athlete depending on their sports modality. Objectives: To demonstrate the importance of cardiovascular exercise testing for sports training and to redesign sports exercise testing protocols according to the specificities of the athletic modality. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out from November 2019 to February 2020. Intentional selective sample, all the athletes of the national teams in each modality such as judo, boxing and wrestling. Results: The ergometry protocols were redesigned based on the conventional standardized in sports medicine, for judo, boxing and wrestling. Optimal parameters, as heart rate, maximum oxygen volume and metabolic equivalent, were obtained for each sports modality. Conclusions: Ergospirometric tests are a useful scientific tool in sports medicine. Redesigning ergometric protocols allows better functional assessment of the athletes and provides adequate scientific support for individual training. Cardiopulmonary ergometry is an instrument available to evaluate, recover and improve the functional and sports capacities of high-performance athletes, especially in the post-COVID-19 stage(AU)

The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a seven-week nutrition education intervention on the sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) of highly trained UK adolescent swimmers. Fifteen national and international adolescent swimmers (males = 5; females = 10, 15.5 ± 1.1 years, 170.2 ± 7.5 cm, 60.3 ± 5.7 kg) participated in the study during seven consecutive weeks of the competitive swimming season. The participants received 30 min of nutrition education once per week in a classroom-based setting after they had completed their regular swim training. An undergraduate sports nutrition student delivered all nutrition education sessions and SNK questionnaires were administered to the participants pre- and post-intervention. The mean total SNK score improved by 8.3% (SD = 8.4%, 95% CI = 4.1-12.6; p = 0.006; ES = 1.0) following the nutrition education sessions. On an individual basis, ten swimmers significantly improved their total SNK score, whereas four swimmers did not improve, and one swimmer performed significantly worse after the intervention. Moreover, the swimmers' knowledge of hydration improved by 22.2% (SD = 20.6%, 95% CI = 11.8-32.6, p = 0.004, ES = 1.1) over the seven-week timeframe, which was the only nutrition topic to have a significantly increased knowledge score. The current study therefore suggests that a nutrition education intervention can positively influence the SNK of highly trained adolescent swimmers.

A Theoretical Model of Transition to Practice for Athletic Trainers.

CONTEXT: The transition to practice of newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs) has become an area of focus in the athletic training literature. However, no theoretical model has been developed to describe the phenomenon and drive investigation. OBJECTIVE: To better understand the lived experience of the transition to practice and develop a theoretical model of transition to practice for ATs. DESIGN: Qualitative study. SETTING: Telephone interviews. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen professional master's athletic training students (7 men, 7 women, age = 25.6 ± 3.7 years, from 9 higher education institutions) in the first year of clinical practice as newly credentialed ATs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Participants completed semistructured phone interviews at 3 timepoints over 12 to 15 months. The first interview was conducted just before graduation, the second 4 to 6 months later, and the third at 10 to 12 months. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: We developed a theoretical model to explain the causal conditions that triggered transition, how the causal conditions were experienced, the coping strategies used to persist through the first year of practice, and the consequences of those strategies. CONCLUSIONS: The model provides a framework for new athletic training clinicians, educators, and employers to better understand the transition process in order to help new clinicians respond by accepting or adapting to their environment or their behaviors.

Evaluating the Effect of Concussion-Education Programs on Intent to Report Concussion in High School Football.

CONTEXT: Concussion underreporting leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, prolonging recovery time. Athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms, therefore, reduces risk. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of 3 concussion-education programs in improving concussion-reporting intention. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Three high schools in California. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 118 male football players (age = 14.88 ± 1.19 years). INTERVENTION(S): Participants were randomly assigned to receive concussion education via CrashCourse (CC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) video education materials (CDC-Vi), or CDC written education materials (CDC-Wr). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcome was concussion-reporting intention, which was assessed at baseline, immediately after education, and at 1-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were concussion knowledge, concussion-reporting attitudes, perceived concussion-reporting norms, and perceived behavioral control. RESULTS: Across all education formats, a total sample of athletes improved in concussion-reporting intention at immediate and 1-month follow-ups (mean improvements = 6.8% and 11.4%, respectively; F4,224 = 11.1, P < .001). Similar findings were observed across all education formats in secondary analyses examining knowledge, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. However, we noted differences in concussion-reporting intention by education format and time (F4,224 = 2.8, P = .03). Post hoc analysis showed that athletes who received CC had increased concussion-reporting intentions at immediate and 1-month follow-ups (baseline = 4.7, immediate follow-up = 6.1, 1-month follow-up = 6.0; F16,61.1 = 6.1, P = .007) compared with increases only at 1-month follow-up for CDC-Vi (baseline = 4.3, immediate follow-up = 5.2, 1-month follow-up = 5.8; F1.6,61.6 = 8.4, P = .001) and no improvement for CDC-Wr (P = .10). Secondary analyses indicated differences between CC and both CDC interventions in concussion knowledge and attitudes at immediate and 1-month follow-ups. We identified no differences in perceived behavioral control among interventions (F4,216 = 0.2, P = .93) or perceived concussion-reporting norms across (F4,224 = 0.3, P = .73) or among (F4,224 = 1.7, P = .15) interventions. CONCLUSIONS: All athletes exhibited an improved intent to report concussions, increased concussion knowledge, better concussion attitudes, and more perceived behavioral control at both immediate and 1-month follow-ups. However, athletes randomized to receive CC reported a greater intent to report concussion, more knowledge, and improved concussion-reporting attitudes when compared with those who received CDC-Vi and CDC-Wr.

A systematic review of the effects of educational interventions on knowledge and attitudes towards concussion for people involved in sport - Optimising concussion education based on current literature.

Educational interventions aimed at increasing concussion knowledge and attitudes are designed according to different frameworks. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to determine the effects of educational interventions on concussion knowledge and attitudes, while providing recommendations for future research in the area of concussion education interventions. Data were extracted from 25 papers following a systematic search of the CINAHL, PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science scientific databases. Interventions were designed according to expert opinion and recommendations from previous research, such as knowledge transfer frameworks, the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour or by unknown means. Interventions were presented using PowerPoint presentations, videos, interactive computer modules, tool-kits, games and as guidelines. Interventions designed according to expert opinion increased concussion knowledge during post-intervention testing up to 2 weeks after intervention administration, and occasionally increased attitudes, with both knowledge and attitude improvements tending to return to baseline levels over-time. Interventions designed according to recommendations from previous research tend to increase both knowledge and attitudes with lack of follow-up data to determine long-term effects. Future concussion educational interventions should be designed according to expert opinion and using a knowledge transfer framework. The long-term effects of interventions require more research in order to design more effective educational tools.

An intervention to optimise coach-created motivational climates and reduce athlete willingness to dope (CoachMADE): a three-country cluster randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Coach-centred antidoping education is scarce. We tested the efficacy of a motivationally informed antidoping intervention for coaches, with their athletes' willingness to dope as the primary outcome. METHODS: We delivered a cluster randomised controlled trial in Australia, the UK and Greece. This study was a parallel group, two-condition, superiority trial. Participants were 130 coaches and 919 athletes. Coaches in the intervention group attended two workshops and received supplementary information to support them in adopting a motivationally supportive communication style when discussing doping-related issues with their athletes. Coaches in the control condition attended a standard antidoping workshop that provided up-to-date information on antidoping issues yet excluded any motivation-related content. Assessments of willingness to dope (primary outcome) and other secondary outcomes were taken at baseline, postintervention (3 months) and at a 2-month follow up. RESULTS: Compared with athletes in the control group, athletes in the intervention group reported greater reductions in willingness to take prohibited substances (effect size g=0.17) and psychological need frustration (g=0.23) at postintervention, and greater increases in antidoping knowledge (g=0.27) at follow-up. Coaches in the intervention group reported at postintervention greater increases in efficacy to create an antidoping culture (g=0.40) and in perceived effectiveness of need supporting behaviours (g=0.45) to deal with doping-related situations. They also reported greater decreases in doping attitudes (g=0.24) and perceived effectiveness of need thwarting behaviours (g=0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Antidoping education programmes should consider incorporating principles of motivation, as these could be beneficial to coaches and their athletes. We offer suggestions to strengthen these programmes, as most of the effects we observed were not sustained at follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This trial has been registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=371465&isReview=true).

A Moral Intervention Reduces Doping Likelihood in British and Greek Athletes: Evidence From a Cluster Randomized Control Trial.

OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to develop a moral intervention and to determine whether it was more effective in preventing doping than an educational (i.e., knowledge-based) intervention; their primary outcome was doping likelihood, and the secondary outcomes were moral identity, moral disengagement, moral atmosphere, and anticipated guilt. METHODS: Eligible athletes (N = 303) in the United Kingdom and Greece took part in the study. The authors randomly assigned 33 clubs to either the moral or the educational intervention. They measured outcomes pre- and postintervention and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Athletes in both interventions in both countries reported lower doping likelihood and moral disengagement and higher guilt from pre- to postintervention. These effects were maintained at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. There were no effects on moral identity or moral atmosphere. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to disseminating information about doping, doping prevention programs should include content that focuses on moral variables.

Putting the player first: A method to analyse and develop expert players performance in professional soccer.

The purpose of this paper is to present a player-centred performance analysis method as an effective mechanism to enhance expert players' performance in professional soccer. Data were collected through an application of a developed performance analysis method and subsequent unstructured interviews to explore participants' experience of the applied methodology. Grounded by an enactive perspective of human activity, the applied methodology foregrounds the player's intrinsic experience and places the player at the centre of the analysis and interpretation process. The sample included thirty professional soccer players with professional playing experience ranging from 2 years to 19 years and representing three professional teams. Using an interpretive data analysis approach results were considered from a methodological perspective concerning the core functions of a performance analysis method. Categories regarding performance analysis and performance development were highlighted. Findings demonstrate that adopting a player-centred approach to performance analysis in professional soccer provides advancement of the understanding of the collective performance of the expert player and may increase the opportunity for sustained learning.